Production Management Principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Production Management Principles - Assignment Example The construction process is to take place in a college that is also near a rural village. The project will therefore have both disruptive and beneficial effects on the community. This section provides the corrective measures and methods that should be put in place, where feasible, to minimize the amount of the resulting disruption. Generally, the company has set construction practices that take into consideration the direct impacts of the construction process and also provides for measures to minimize and if possible eliminate their effects. The Company will seek to provide an assurance to the students, residents and businesses in the nearby village that it intends to work hand in hand with the community, so as to make the construction project as least disruptive as possible. The following are the direct impacts that the constructions of the student bar and student service centre may have on the locality and the measures which the company will undertake to ensure that the disruptions are at a minimum. Impacts arising from noise and vibration Noise and vibrations will arise from the use of heavy machinery during construction. The company will undertake all available measures to ensure that these impacts are minimized. Generally, the company will use the ‘best applicable means, approach to minimize emissions of noise and vibrations. This is where;... he effects of noise vibrations: a) Adding sound absorbing materials or mufflers to noisy equipments b) Citing noisy equipments away from workers, students and residents e.g. in secluded places. c) Building barriers e.g. ply wood with noise absorbing materials around noisy equipment. d) Maintenance of old equipment. 2. Impact on the air quality. These effects will be temporary and will arise from emissions from diesel powered construction machines as well as dust. The measures that the company will undertake to minimize these effects are: a) Use of watering to control air pollution arising from the creation of dust arising from creation of airborne particles. b) Where possible, the company will use electricity to power machinery instead of diesel. 3. Impact on the water quality Measures will be taken to minimize the impact of the construction activities on water bodies. To achieve this, all sediments will be treated before being released to the environment. 4. Impact on traffic During the construction period, traffic in the area may be affected. There may arise instances where roads will be diverted or closed as well as private accesses such as foot paths and water ways. The company will implement all appropriate measures in both the design and construction of the project to ease delays and disruption to users of these roads throughout the project. Maintenance of traffic will be best achieved through planning and scheduling so as to reduce delays. Where appropriate, signs will be used to provide notice to the travelling public about any road closures as well as any other pertinent information. Notices about construction-related activities that may inconvenience the community and road closings will put in advance to enable the public to plan on alternative travel routes

Early Civilian Matrix Essay Example for Free

Early Civilian Matrix Essay Early Civilizations Matrix Using your readings and outside sources, complete the following matrix. Be sure to address the following in your matrix Provide names, titles, dates, brief descriptions of important events, and other details, as necessary. Note the details of key political, socioeconomic, technological, artistic, musical, architectural, philosophical, and literary developments for each civilization listed in the table, which were evidenced in the humanities. Properly cite the sources you use in completing this matrix. The Budda tells the story of his life. Buddhism is one of the most important Asian spiritual traditions.(Buddhism, n.d.)Brahmanism and Buddhism gave rise in India to form two types of socities. (Buddhism, n.d.) Buddist influences on print technology in East Asia are far reaching.Buddist Technology, n.d.)Buddist art is the artistic practices that are solely influenced by Buddhists(Buddhism, n.d.).Buddhist music or so call Saskit Music is an orginal form of a Buddhist chant.(Buddhism, n.d.)The development of Buddhist architecture can be traced back to the introduction of Buddhism. Their main feature are temples. (Buddhism, n.d.)Buddhism philosophy is the teachings o the Buddha Buddist Philosophy, n.d.)Buddhist scriptures comprise on complicated texts. (Buddist Literature, 1982)Early Middle AgesThe political structure of the western Christendom were changing and the boundaries of the known world were expanding.(Politics in the Middle Ages, 1912)The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. There was rapid technology progress during this time. One big improvement was the heavy plow. (Technology in the Middle Ages, n.d.)Art saw many changes during this period. (Art in the Middle Ages, n.d.)The music of the Early Middle Ages generally consisted of the secular music of the church. (Early Middle Ages, n.d.)During the Early Middle Ages, architecture can be divided in two classes religious and military architecture. (Newman, 2008-2014)The first period in the Early Middle Ages from around 400-1000 were called the Dark Ages.(Early Middle Ages, n.d.)Latin was the language of the church and of learning. (The Middle Ages, 2010-2014)High Middle AgesThere was political stability in Western Europe in the early High Middle Ages.(Middle Ages, n.d.) The High Middle Ages began after AD 1000. The churchs became the universal and unifying institutions. (The Middle Ages, n.d.)Some technology was developed  with the heavy plow, tidal mills, and blast furnaces. (The Middle Ages, n.d.)Christ ian-oriented art architecture flourished. Crusades were mounted to recapture Holy Land. The music during this period was primarily religious in nature. The music changed after the fall of Roman EmpireDuring the High Middle Ages, architecture took many innovative changes from Romanesque style to Gothic style. (Middle Ages,n.d.)The first truly great medieval philosopher was Augustine of Hippo. The Carolingian Rennaissance led to scientific Philoshical revival of Europe.A variety of cultures influenced the litersture of the High Middle Ages. (The Middle Ages, n.d.)Late Middle AgesThe Late Middle Ages went through major political changes. These changes were marked by the rise of strong and royalty-based nation-states.(Late Middle Ages Politics, n.d.)The Late Middle Ages lead to a crisis of events in the 14th 15th centuries that brought centuries of European property growth to a halt. The mining industry under went a transition during the Late Middle Ages.Until the late 11th century, Southern Italy occupied the western border of the vast Byzantine Empire.Medieval music is Western music written in the Late Midddle Ages. This era begins wi th the fall of the Roman Empire. (Late Middle Ages Music, n.d.) Gothic style and Christian motifs dominated aret and architecture during the Late Middle Ages.(Middle Ages, n.d.)Medieval philosophers are thehistorical success of the philosophers of this era. The development of secular litersture written in the vernacular continued and accelerated in the Late Middle Ages. (Middle Ages, n.d.)Ancient GreeceAncient Greece wascomposed of mulitiple self-governing states. Political standing was determined by sex, age, foreign status, and states. ( Discovery Channel, 2010)Agriculture was difficult due to geographic necessities such as rich soil.Talos, automatic doors, steam engines, and water/air pumps. Talos was an operational robot.(Sfetos, 2002)Art during the Archac period was on a more natural level. Approved greek artists worked in jewelry making, metal working, ivory carving, and gem cutting. (The Metropolitian Museum of Art, 2000-2001)Lyric poetry and short songs with musical instruments. Poems to be sung by a chorus on sacred or ritual occasions. (King, n.d.)Donic Ionic principals. Columns were very popular in the Ancient Greece period.( The Metropolitian Museum of Art, 2000-2001) In Ancient Greece only free men born in the city were all owed to vote. They were able to enter political  debates.( Philosphy Politics of Ancient Greece, 2002-2011)Poetry was created far before literature and writings. Poetry was intented for singing and reciting. (Greek Literature, 2001)Ancient RomanThe ancient government was very similar to that of greeks. The Roman Empire was under one man rule until the beginning of time.(UNRV.com, 2003-2014)Slave-based economy. Agriculture and trade dominated the Roman economy. (UNRV.com, 2003-2014)Aqueducts, sewage systems and major technological achievements. The aqueducts brought water into the city of Roman and supplied water to some of the fountains.(Roman Technology, n.d.)Murels and large wall paintings were popular forms of art within Anciet Roman. Stautes, portraits, and sculptures were also important art forms.(The Art of Ancient Roman, n.d.)Romans took musical influence from those they conquered. Music in this time period was generally performed and associated with the military.( The Music of Ancient Rome, n.d.)Architecture was an essential part of the Roman period. Arches and columns of many different shapes and sizes became fluent within the city. (The Art of Ancient Rome, n.d.)By 50 BC, Romans began writing philosophy. Much of the Roman philosophy mocked greek philosophy. (Carr, 1998-20 11)Roman literature began as dramas, which began with no song or dialogue. It was much later, Rome began to see both comedies and tragedies played out by Roman Writers.(Roman Colosseum, 2008)ChinaAncient China had a government ruled by dynasties, sometimes united under on dynasty. China was ruled by emperors.The people of China were arranged in different social classes based on their economic status. (Ancient China History, n.d.)Ancient China was technically advanced in iron-making. Ancient Chian was also advanced in other technological fields.Chinese art is a visual art as we know it today. Traditional Chinese music can be traced back 7000-8000 yrs based on a bone flute made in Neolothic ( Discover.com, n.d).They lived in small houses made of mudbrick with only one room and dirt floors.(Discovery.com)Neo-Confuciumism became highly popular during this era.People in China started writing about 1500 BC. IndiaThe identity and unity of its government belong to the Ancient Vedic Age. The system goes back 5000 years or more. The customs, beliefs, and practices we re quite different during the Ancient India. The modern numeration system was developed. The art work during the India Era, consisted of sared murals and photographs.The Birthplace of Indiam musical  Ragu and Swwarus.The architecture was a very unique style. Earliest architecture dated back to 2500 BC.The Bhagavad Gita is revered as a sacre text of Hindu. The Republic has 22 officially recognized languages.Judaism1st century Judaism was a cauldron of resentment and frustration.(Jadaism Politics, n.d.)Concerned with caring for the needy people of there society. Looks at remedying the situation of poverty.(Judaism Economist, n.d.)Technology helped them in understanding the commandments betterMterial on the art formation is extremely rare. Investigastions lead to pottery, seal-engraving, metal cast, and sculpture.Jewish music stems from Ancient prayer chants of the Levant some 3000 years ago.Synagogue architecture followed styles in vogue for artistic expression.(Jewish Architecture, n.d.)Early Jewish Philosophy drew heavily from Plato, Aristotle, ans Islamic philosophy.H ebrew literature consists of ancient, medieval, and modern writings in Hebrew language.Early ChristianEarly Christians fell within the boundaries of the Roman Empire. The citizens within the Roman Empire generally made offerings to the state Gods and Godesses. (Early Christian History, n.d.)Much Earl Christianity was underground, the economy and society was the same as the Roman Empire. Christianity was no ant acceptable religion. Individuals remained a part of the Roman Empire.(UNRV.com,2003-2011)The technology used was similar to the Roman Empire. Aqueducts, sewage systems and amphitheaters were some of the greatest technological achievements .Art included decorations of the hidden places of worship. Early artists focused on portraying the Christians Beliefs.Music was discreet, Early Christian music came in the form of chants an versus.Early archecture was primarily for churches. This included the Basilica Church. The churches were primarily made of regular brick and marble.(Early Christian Architecture, n.d.)Early Christian wss derived from may subcuktures within the Roman Empire. The Christian church was a place for new ideas. (Graham,2011)Early literature included the New Testament, which was a collection of these writings. This included documentation of the early movement the words and death of Jesus. (TroxelIslamTotal tarianism seeks total political control. Not solely a religious movement.The Islamic economy was primarily dependent on trade between China, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. (Carr, 1998-2011)The piston pump was created in 1206 AD. The pump enabled water to travel underground to surface  by means of pressure.(History of Science And Technoloy in Islam, n.d.)Islamic Art was primarily in pottery from potters used metal-based glazed on their pottery. (Carr, 2008-2011)Music took on a multi-cultural approach between 661-750 AD. Arab music had great influences.In the late 600s AD, they began to build mosques and oalaces. (Carr, 1998-2011)Islamic litersture was not always in existent. Arabic was primarily spoken and rarely written until after 1000 AD(Carr, 1998-2011) Use a list format of complete sentences rather than paragraphs. Do not copy and paste from outside resources. The following are two examples of the level of detail and documentation expected for this assignment Ancient Egyptian politics The union of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer in 3150 B.C.E. is commemorated in a 2-foot high slate known as the palette of Narmer (Sayre, 2013, pp. 3233). Ancient Greek architecture Minoan society The three-story palace a t Knossos was a labyrinthine masonry structure with dozens of rooms and corridors built around a central courtyard (Sayre, 2013, pp. 4344). Include a reference page if you are using sources other than the textbook.

The Chosen Health Care Essay -- Health, Breast Cancer

The chosen health care need that this assignment will focus on is Breast Cancer as each year more than a quarter of a million people are diagnosed with Cancer in the United Kingdom, Macmillan (2007). Breast Cancer was chosen as the health care need as people’s awareness of Breast cancer need to be raised. Also through out this assignment the sociological and psychological aspect of breast cancer will be looked at and also the global national and local initiatives will be looked at as well for anyone receiving or caring for someone with breast cancer. Breast cancer develops when a single cell begins to multiply rapidly and forms a tumour; some cells make break away and travel to other parts of the body starting a new tumour cancer research (2004). Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer in women, Rosto (2009). Even though breast cancer in women is common, there are also 341 men in the United Kingdom diagnosed with breast cancer in 2008, cancer research (2011). In the West Midlands there were 4,222 case of breast cancer in 2009. The number of cancer cases and crude incidence rates continue to increase annually as the population of the West Midlands ages, west midlands intelligence unit (2011). Breast cancer affects mainly 50-64 year olds in the west midlands. However breast cancer still remains the most common form of cancer in females in the West Midlands, it has a strong negative association with deprivation usually found in the more affluent sections of the population, west midlands intelligence unit (2010). In 2009 the five year survival rates were over 80% for breast cancer patients WMIU (2010). The number of deaths to cancer in the west midlands has remained steady over the decade with 13,430 deaths in 20... ...f the absolute benefits and harms of mammography screening for breast cancer remains a subject of discussion. The estimates from individual randomized trials and service screening programmes suggest that between 300 and 500 women need to be screened every 2–3 years for 10 years to prevent one death from breast cancer.1,2 Harms of screening include the anxiety and inconvenience associated with screening and with suspicious screening findings, which do not result in a diagnosis of cancer, and over diagnosis, the last of which has attracted considerable interest recently.3–6 Over diagnosis is defined as the diagnosis of a cancer as a result of screening that would not have been diagnosed in the woman’s lifetime had screening not taken place. Estimates of over diagnosis range from less than 10% of tumours diagnosed in a screening programme to around 50%. Duffy (2010)

Conflict and Generosity Within the Grapes of Wrath Essay

When a family becomes a victim to severe debt, attitudes change, the family tends to grow apart, and the members must cope. This was common during the Great Depression in the 1930’s after the collapse of the stock market, and a plethora of families flooded to California in search of a promising future. Home to Tom Joad and his family, the deteriorating economy of the Great Depression depicts the changing attitudes of many families and how they adapted to this difficult time period. The work captures how many families like the Joads have to change to accommodate the financial shortage of the 1930s, and how they grow with this struggle. With that, John Steinbeck constructs The Grapes of Wrath to include a family that is still generous in the midst of many trials and tribulations. The Grapes of Wrath depicts how great struggle is juxtaposed with an immense appetite for wealth, and how this conflict elicits generosity. John Steinbeck grew up around Salinas, California. Even though he was not raised by parents who were poor, he witnessed discrimination upon the many dust bowl migrant workers who came from states that were â€Å"less fortunate† like Oklahoma and Texas. Steinbeck channeled his anger and frustration from observing the heartbreak and struggle during the Great Depression into crafting The Grapes of Wrath. According to Carroll Britch and Cliff Lewis in their article â€Å"Growth of the Family in The Grapes of Wrath,† â€Å"Although it addresses issues of great sociological change, The Grapes of Wrath is at its core about the family and struggle of its members to assert their separate identities without breaking up the family. 1)† He utilized his aggravation for the people to illustrate the drastic changes that occur in the characters over a period of time, such as the way in which the community is altered when financial hardship is imminent. But for Tom Joad and his family, staying together as a whole is one aspect that has not yet been lost in the troubling times. Though the Joad family has had a great deal of troubling experiences, in a way this brings them closer holistically. The way that Steinbeck crafts the family to adapt to the varying conditions like when someone dies, or loses work, llustrates how the family becomes more resilient to variety. The Joads and many families like them must leave behind their felt notions of idealism and work towards an â€Å"I to We† relationship with the others if they are going to survive during this great struggle, especially with the way that nothing financial wise is stable during the depression. For a large percent of the population, the scarcity of funds leads to chaos within families and friends across America. The hedonistic views of the public drive people virtually insane, with car salesmen selling run-down vehicles for outrageous prices, to corrupted citizens stealing from stores who are going out of business. With money no longer an abundant commodity, banks and businesses began to shut down and fail, forcing many hard-working Americans to begin a life on the streets, which is not a welcoming new habitat by any stretch. This relates to the novel in that the Joads were forced out of their farm and had no choice but to flee to California in search of work and a brighter future, which appears to be a promising alternative. Though the trend to fall a victim to the circumstances is growing, there are still some people like Tom Joad and his family who do not seem to fit this statistic yet. When the family reaches the government camp Weedpatch, they to some extent â€Å"forget† about the troubles of the economy. Warren French in his article Chapter 6: From Naturalism to the Drama of Consciousness—The Education of the Heart in the Grapes of Wrath, states that, â€Å"The self- governing arrangement of the camp also makes the Joads feel like decent people again (4). This shows how despite the troubling situation, the Joads can still find remote happiness among a time of desperation. There is an apparent change in attitude once the Joads reach the Weedpatch camp. Warren French writes; â€Å"The easy atmosphere of the government camp, where—as one man observes—â€Å"We’re all a- workin’ together† (448), is in striking contrast to the tense atmosphere at the Hooper Ranch. There the prevailing attitudes are epitomized by a checker’s remark that putting holes in the bottom of buckets â€Å"keeps people from stealing them (4). This suggests that having others to work alongside of eases the tension of being forced to work for almost nothing. The atmosphere seems lighter at the Weedpatch camp due to the migrant workers having others with similar circumstances amongst them. This makes the thought of poverty less menacing because for the migrant workers at the camp, they are beginning to collaborate and become a unit. Another aspect of â€Å"working together† is shown after the miscarriage of Rosasharn’s baby. If the baby was not kin to Pa Joad and the family, he may never have been motivated to build a dike so his family can stay dry. Britch and Lewis quote Steinbeck in their article, â€Å"Well, we ain’t doin nothin’†¦. We can do her if ever’body helps. † Building the dike with Wainwright and the others replenishes Pa Joad’s spirit, and teaches him that there is way more to be achieved with the â€Å"We† attitude. A major turning point in The Grapes of Wrath transpires when Tom murders the man that killed Casy. Though Tom committed a crime, Ma Joad and the family suggest that hiding him from the authorities would be a decent idea. The family pleads for him to stay but quickly realizes he must leave to avoid getting arrested. This occurrence represents the growth of the family unit, the way they care for one of their own even though he is now a criminal shows the drastic change that has developed over the course of the Great Depression. This also depicts how the situation elicits generosity within the family. It is imperative that Tom leaves the family but aside that, Ma Joad and the others beg for Tom to stay. The difficult situation made them realize how quickly they can lose Tom, and with that the desire to help Tom is now apparent. The Joads have gone through a metamorphosis with their attitudes and thoughts towards one another. Due to the series of events the Joads have encountered, they have faced many obstacles and this brings them closer over all. A significant incident like this causes the family unit to become more protective over the other members, even after losing Tom, Noah, and Connie. All of the events that transpired along the course of the novel have affected the overall dynamic of the Joad family either positively or negatively, more so positively. With that, if nothing else, the experience of having to survive amongst one another in a time of great sociological downfall mends the family closer than one would think. The family traveled together, they slept together, and they even worked together. The Joads spent gratuitous amounts time as one unit just in completing those tasks, so even when bonding was not necessarily a part of the agenda, the way in which they became used to each other blossomed rather quickly into a stronger relationship for the family. Generosity amongst the Joad family was more or less noticeable in the beginning of the novel, and became more of a characteristic of the family as the story progressed. The hardships they faced along the way with searching for work subconsciously drew the family closer. The longer the Joads were among one another, and the more trials and tribulations they faced, generosity among the group developed into the norm. This transformed the Joads from the persona of an average family, into an inseparable unit of people who fought for one another.

How economically smart war is Essay

War has been a part of the lives of people since history began. People have battled over different things, ranging from roaming rounds in prehistoric times to control of the world in present day. This essay will analyze how economically smart war is, specifically World War I, from the view of the United States of America. The US entered World War I in 1917; however, we entered the economic war long before that. The US had been supplying Europe with weapons, bullets, and other equipment into the war. The term mobilizing is used in warfare, but our economy was getting a boost without the US sending any soldiers out of the country. These products were inelastic, meaning that the consumers of the goods were unresponsive in change in price. For the US, this meant that they could set prices at extreme prices and the countries that could not make these goods themselves or get from another source had to buy the goods at these extreme prices. This created an economic boom for 44 months from 1914-1918. This also eased the process of the US joining the war. It was not as economically straining to mobilize for war because some facilities that would be used for the war were already functioning close to the production possibilities curve. This means that the facilities were functioning at maximum efficiency. During this time period, the unemployment rate went from 7.9% to 1.4%, showing that as soldiers left to go overseas, jobs opened up on the home front. However, the war had to be paid for somehow, and this somehow came on the form of taxes and bonds. Takes were raised from anywhere from 20%- 60%. War bonds were bought by citizens and were promised to be repaid with interest after the war. However this also would lead to the downfall in the Great Depression, as the government would have no money left to pay the population back with. In my opinion, war has a greater value than the debts it creates. It is about â€Å"flexing your military muscles† to make sure order is kept in the world. Some of the things that soldier’s lives are lost for are found many years later in the forms of our rights and freedoms and do not have a value that can be expressed in dollars and cents. Because these do not have prices, it is a personal opinion weather a war is economically worth the risk. However, I feel that it is worth being able to live the life that I have now than suffer under laws enforce upon our country by the would-be conquers of my homeland.

Free Speech at Shopping Centers essays

Free Speech at Shopping Centers essays I. Thesis Statement ..................................................................... 1 II. Shopping Centers Definitions ................................................................... 1-2 Definitions .................................................................. 2 Regional Shopping Centers ............................................... 2-3 Pruneyard v. Robins ...................................................... 4-5 NJ Coalition Against War in the Middle East v. J.M.B. Realty .... 5-6 Industry Reaction ......................................................... 7-9 Litigation ................................................................... 9 VIII. Conclusion .......................................................................... 9-10 Is an individuals right to freedom of speech, as granted by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, valid on private property, which is owned by someone else? Specifically, can an organization not associated with a shopping center use the shopping centers property to promote their cause? The U.S. Supreme Court has left the answer to this question up to the individual states. The majority of states, to date, have answered no; however, several states, most notably California and New Jersey, have answered yes. What is the basis for each States decision and how do these decisions affect the shopping center industry? In order to understand how the courts decisions affect the shopping center industry, we must first understand what a shopping center is and who the organizations are. As referred to in the two most notable court cases, Pruneyard v. Robins (Pruneyard) and NJ Coalition Against War in the Middle East et al. v. J.M.B. Realty Corp. et al. (JMB), a [regional] shopping center is defined as one that is between 300,000 square feet and 1,000,000 square feet in size and...

Effect of economy on culture and social structure

Effect of economy on culture and social structure Introduction As societies grow, community members and local officials are continually confronted by the desire to balance social, fiscal, environmental, and economic goals. They face the challenge to decide on the amount and forms of the new development that the society can confront so that not to put lives of the members of the community at risk.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of economy on culture and social structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, socio-economic impact evaluation is intended to assist societies in decision making, which in turn promotes long-range sustainability, economic prosperity, social well-being and a healthy community (Edwards, 2009). Social structure, particularly in social networks, influences economic results for three major reasons. First, the social networks determine the quality and flow of information. Most information is nuanced, subtle and hard to confirm. For this reason, players do not consider impersonal sources but rather rely on individuals they are familiar with. Second, social networks are a vital source of conducting evaluation. This is of importance because the significance of punishment or reward is frequently magnified based on their effect if they come from known persons. Finally, trust emerges in the context of a social network. Thus, in today’s world, any issues tied to economics play a major role in shaping the notions of culture and social structural frameworks in the society (Granovetter, 2005). Economic structure and culture Economic models naturally presume that employees choose work searching for benefits and costs that are levelled at margin. However, in any actual labour market, social networks have a major role. Potential employees and employers desire to learn from each other, i.e. from individual sources which have information that they trust such as social capital (Granovetter, 2005). Social interaction transmi ts information on employees, employers and jobs which flows constantly through the social networks. These networks are maintained by many people largely for the non-economic reasons. Normally, people make use of existing social networks and contacts, meaning that there usually is no need for making any financial investment in such networks. This reduces the costs below prescribed intermediaries. Pre-existing social networks are unequally distributed in various directions leading to unequal playing ground in labour markets without engaging any player (Granovetter, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Models of economy also feature productivity of the personal attributes that can be changed through learning. However, one’s place in any social group may have a vital influence on the productivity, for many reasons. First, many tasks can only be accomplished throug h a serious collaboration from others, second is that several tasks are too complicated and delicate to be carried out â€Å"by book† and need â€Å"tacit knowledge† exercise suitable only though interacting with knowledgeable individuals. Since good interaction with one another is vital, this means that those joining the company through individual contacts become leaders and more productive, as well as avoid errors that may hold-up the outsiders (Granovetter, 2005). Individuals do trade with each other and the effect of knowing one another in terms of price differs with their association, the shifting of cost to various partners and market circumstance. To comprehend how variations from equilibrium price might occur, one should evaluate both economics and sociology of circumstance. A change of the trading partners is less or more hard under varying situations and relies on noneconomic and economic costs of separating long-time ties along with available social options. Therefore, the economic elasticity of the structure relies on social construction of trade relations and is unpredictable without the knowledge of that social structure (Granovetter, 2005). Conclusion The models of economy may be simplified if relations of economy with the non-economic features of the social life stay inside the black box; such strategy conceptualizes from several social occurrences that strongly influence costs and the existing techniques of the economic actions. Eliminating such occurrences is risky when prediction is the main goal. References Edwards, M. (2009). Socio-economic impact analysis. Community Guide to Development Impact Analysis. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of economy on culture and social structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Granovetter, M. (2005). The impact of social structure on economic outcomes. Journal of Economic Perspective. 19(1): 33-50.

10 Career Lessons You Should Learn in Your 20s

10 Career Lessons You Should Learn in Your 20s Every hiring manager is looking for something different- a unique combination of experience and skills. But there are also a few universal skills and values you should always work to keep sharp. Everyone, no matter what place on the job hierarchy, should check in once in a while to  dig deep and  ask yourself  if you’re working at the top of your personal game.Here are 10 of the top lessons working in the current landscape should teach you. Learn them now, and use them to keep your skills sharp and updated.1. Networking MattersYou may hate social media- and hate small talk even more- but social networks are proven to be a crucial factor in professional success. Put some time and effort into broadening yours. Stand by the proverbial water cooler, even if you hate it. And cultivate as wide and diverse a network as you can.2. Keep LearningThe second you decide you’re done learning, or know enough, is probably the second you become obsolete in your industry and in tod ay’s economy. Don’t be left behind. Be the old dog that learns new tricks, acquires new skills, reads up on all the current trends. Even if it weren’t important for success, your life will still be richer for it.3. Failure is ProductiveDon’t give up next time you fail. Think of each failure as an opportunity, or a beginning. What can you learn or improve for next time. What can you try differently? Build up the dusting-yourself-off muscle.4. Teamwork is DreamworkMost potential bosses are going to want you to demonstrate that you can be a team player. Make sure to build the ability to manage others, to delegate, and to build positive working relationships with your colleagues that help you all do your best work and achieve your loftiest goals.5. Organization  is KeyYou won’t get very far if your desk is buried under a pile of messy papers and your time management skills are nonexistent. Start working on prioritizing, systematizing, and setting you rself up to get things done in a timely and tidy fashion. Demonstrate that you can meet deadlines without sacrificing the quality of your work.6. Practice Awareness/AcumenThis is something you can beef up anytime, and might just prove invaluable. Learn what makes a company or industry tick, what works and doesn’t. What are the newest trends, the deepest seated problems? If you can show that you really get what a company is trying to do and achieve, then you’re halfway to getting hired.7. Cultivate IntegrityDon’t be petty or dishonest. Be fair and responsible in all of your dealings and activities. This is seen as a sign of maturity, self-confidence, and trustworthiness and that’s worth a lot in the hiring process.8. Problem SolveYou’ll need this skill throughout your life, not just on the job. But do find a way to demonstrate to hirers that you can attack a problem, find a solution, and get it done. Prove that you can go the extra distance, every t ime.9. Be AwareDiversity is a hugely important issue in the workplace. You should be as sensitive as possible and as aware as possible of other people and other cultures- and be prepared to demonstrate this in your job search. No excuses for ignorance or intolerance.10. Be Open to Trying New ThingsMake sure you have a willingness to try things different ways, to work alone or on a team, to work remotely, work in an office, to work on multiple things at once. Adaptability is a valuable skill that will serve you both on the job and in your life.

Business writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Business writing - Essay Example This paper will examine imperative areas to consider before investing in a country like France. One of the areas that need monitoring is the French economy. It is tantamount for anyone interested in investing in a foreign land to identify the state of their economy. To ensure his/her stability after the investment, an investor needs knowledge on the economic standing of the country over the past years. This presents them with the autonomy to choose if they are willing to invest in that country, or not. Whatever an investor is going to invest in the foreign land, they must look at the government’s stake in all of it. Government interests are always an area of concern. As an investor, one should be wary of their hand in some of the corporate dealings (Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs 2). One needs government authorization for some ventures, and it is crucial to involve government authorities. In conclusion, to invest in any foreign land, some requirements must be met. These requirements enable one to work effectively, and without many problems. Some transfer policies make it hard for foreign investors to make a profit from their activities (Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs 3). This is another area that one needs to focus on to avoid inconveniences, or losses. Knowledge gained in such a field enables one to flourish and benefit from such investment. Through all this, growth and development in the local area is

(Scholarship Essay)The importance of intercultural awareness and Essay

(Scholarship )The importance of intercultural awareness and competence - Essay Example The problem with most people is that they always believe that their culture is right and that other people should conform to their culture. No one culture is guilty of this because it is a natural human reaction to believe that your way of doing things is right. When I first came to study in the UK, according to Dr. Milton Bennett’s Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS), I was probably at the Defense stage. For me, Aston Business School is an opportunity for me to test myself at a higher level of education. I am extremely focused and willing to listen to what others have to say. When dealing with a range of different cultures, this is the key to come to some sort of understanding. Some people believe that diversity is not a good thing because it only results in conflict. While there can be issues in dealing with other cultures, I actually think that it is a good thing because it allows everything to learn something off each other. If people can be willing to compromise, then diversity encourages greater thinking because a wider range of voices can be heard. Now that I have been in the UK for awhile, I would consider myself to be at the Adaption stage on the DMIS. My ultimate objective is to reach the Integration stage, but this will not happen until I have lived in the UK for a very long time and have adapted 100% to British culture. Part of the reason why I have decided to apply to Aston Business School is that it promotes diversity among its student population. This is extremely important for me because I share the same values. If given the chance to attend, I will make sure that I promote diversity among the student population by helping different cultures to come together. I feel that I can be an intermediary whenever conflict inevitably occurs between students of different ethnic backgrounds. Because I have already gone through some of the struggles of settling into a school with a

Cross Cultural Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cross Cultural Human Resource Management - Essay Example Globalization and the development of international trade have led to the emergence of borderless trade that involves the transfer of capital, goods, service and human resource. This has created significant opportunities to different people across the globe and has increased the scales of operation for different companies whose market has been significantly grown (Denison, Adkins & Ashley, 2011). The emergence of international trade has led to the development of multinational corporations whose scale of operations and management practices goes beyond the domestic borders. Most multinationals adopt different human resource management approaches depending on their domestic culture and practices. However, the expansion into the international business environment has presented a major challenge to multinational in developing more flexible and effective human resources practices that suit cross-cultural settings (Claus, 2008). The choice of human resource management approach adopted by an organization will influence largely its success in the global market, thus making it highly important a management practice. Companies use different models of human resource management, including the use of expatriates, local managers or a mixture of both. This is influenced by the MNCs approach to managing cross-cultural differences that arises in the international context (Tabrizi, Ali & Safar, 2012). In order to help illustrate the essence of adopting better human resource management approaches in cross-cultural setting, this paper will use a case study of Samsung. Samsung is an electronic company based in Seoul, in South Korea but with significant global presence. It is currently considered as one of the leading electronic manufacturers across the globe and thus controls significant global market ratio. The cross-cultural human resource management practices adopted by the multinational company that has enabled it to register the significant growth will be evaluated (Denison, Adk ins & Ashley, 2011). Putting in mind the diversification of cultures, societal values and cultural norms, will greatly enhance management of human resource in a setting where a company is set. For instance, if an American company decides to start a company in Japan, it has to consider the aspect of interpersonal relations given the fact that Japanese shake hands and do not make body contacts in public yet America is a free society where no one minds how you interact on corporate issues. Corporate and organizational cultures Organizational culture influences the behaviour of employees towards each other within the organization and the way they represent the organization in market. Organizational culture is defined as a set of behaviour that is nurtured and encouraged within an organization as identical set of behaviours and codes. Within the multinational setting, organizational culture is influenced by the company headquarter and this depends on the cultural setting and behaviour wi thin the country. Different organizations and multinationals define employee relationship and behaviour towards each other and towards the top management in different ways. The hierarchal system of management and authority in an organization is also determined by the organizational culture and behaviour and this depends on the societal culture and power distance (Van Der Westhuizen, Pacheco & Webber, 2012). Corporate cultures within organization differs and this is significantly influenced by the

Week 1 H Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 1 H - Essay Example Time stamps are vital in supporting multiple authentications that lack multiple requests in an authentication server (Coulouris, Dollimore & Kindberg 2006, p.550). In Kerberos protocol, timestamps are useful as nonce’s preventing dependence of synchronized clocks. The use of timestamps with Kerberos demonstrates a protocol that utilizes four messages to perform identification. Utilization of time stamps ensures removal of messages in the process of decreasing the message number in the requirement for authentication (Coulouris, Dollimore & Kindberg 2006, p.551). Use of timestamps may support single way identification especially, when a communication server operating in a single direction is evident (Anderson, 2008). The design of Kerberos serves as a reducer of state at the final server; the use of the time stamps ensures avoidance of per-connection (Anderson, 2008). Time stamps are sufficient in the case of protocols that do not compose of states. Timestamps provides a basis for proper server operation because it is not mandatory for the server to remain in an active state while in wait for message reception (Coulouris, Dollimore & Kindberg, 2006). Making the window narrow is vital in ensuring reduction of impending states. A timestamp can be in use as a nonce where client generation is a need. Timestamps is fundamental in Kerberos protocol because they enhance fresh conveyance of messages from the client to the final server. Utilizing timestamps as nonce is fundamental because it maintains security of the recognition protocol (Anderson, 2008). The use of Kerberos with the timestamps ensures regulation of access time to prevent eavesdropping. Eavesdropping allows unknown individuals to gain access to systems by acquiring vital information such consisting passwords. Kerberos ensures secure network where pretense becomes difficult (Anderson, 2008). A secure protocol will

Integrity in Humanistic Organizations Research Paper

Integrity in Humanistic Organizations - Research Paper Example This paper can help to understand what a humanistic organization means. The humanistic organizations can therefore are those organizations that are formed and operate on the basis of the interest of the welfare and interest of human beings Integrity can be defined as the adherence by a person or by the organization to a given set of moral principles and character. The term can also be expanded to mean the quality of having a sound moral character and honesty of actions. Integrity also has to do with being free from the influences or motives that are corrupting. This freedom from influences is especially important in the operations of the humanistic organization. Development on the other hand refers to the activities in the organization that are geared towards enhancing or improving the productivity of the people and the various components of an organization. Development also has to do with the activities that are geared towards enhancing the performance or the quality of leadership i n an organization. This in turn has the effect of improving the productivity of the said organization. Humanistic organizations are usually carefully planned and the activities that are engaged in are coordinated. The elements or people within an organization usually work under a given set of rules and leadership structure that governs their organization. In defining integrity, there are three aspects that should be considered. These aspects are consistency, relational awareness and inclusion. The consistency aspect has to do with the association between the words and the actions. There should be a consistency between what one says and what one does. The two should be the same. Consistency means that what one says should not be affected by influences from others and should also not be affected by the possibility of personal gain. To be consistent also means that one should adhere to their standards and principles despite the circumstances and despite who is watching (Marchica 40). T he aspect of relational awareness means that one is conscious of the different relationships in which they are involved in. this means that the person should have the awareness of one’s identity and how that identity relates to others. The awareness of the relationships that one has with others enables a person to know how to act and react in different circumstances. This connects with the consistency aspect in that integrity means that an individual or an organization must be aware of their identity (this has to do with what an organization is all about) and or their actions (what they should do in different situations). For the humanistic organization, the actions and their mission has to be centered on ensuring the wellbeing of others. The humanistic organization is also centered on ensuring that more potent contributions are made in the workplace (Schneider, Bugental & Pierson 522) The inclusion aspect of integrity means that the organization or the individuals in the org anization must be open to the differences that exist between them. Inclusion means that the

Week 1 H Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 1 H - Essay Example Time stamps are vital in supporting multiple authentications that lack multiple requests in an authentication server (Coulouris, Dollimore & Kindberg 2006, p.550). In Kerberos protocol, timestamps are useful as nonce’s preventing dependence of synchronized clocks. The use of timestamps with Kerberos demonstrates a protocol that utilizes four messages to perform identification. Utilization of time stamps ensures removal of messages in the process of decreasing the message number in the requirement for authentication (Coulouris, Dollimore & Kindberg 2006, p.551). Use of timestamps may support single way identification especially, when a communication server operating in a single direction is evident (Anderson, 2008). The design of Kerberos serves as a reducer of state at the final server; the use of the time stamps ensures avoidance of per-connection (Anderson, 2008). Time stamps are sufficient in the case of protocols that do not compose of states. Timestamps provides a basis for proper server operation because it is not mandatory for the server to remain in an active state while in wait for message reception (Coulouris, Dollimore & Kindberg, 2006). Making the window narrow is vital in ensuring reduction of impending states. A timestamp can be in use as a nonce where client generation is a need. Timestamps is fundamental in Kerberos protocol because they enhance fresh conveyance of messages from the client to the final server. Utilizing timestamps as nonce is fundamental because it maintains security of the recognition protocol (Anderson, 2008). The use of Kerberos with the timestamps ensures regulation of access time to prevent eavesdropping. Eavesdropping allows unknown individuals to gain access to systems by acquiring vital information such consisting passwords. Kerberos ensures secure network where pretense becomes difficult (Anderson, 2008). A secure protocol will

Law dis6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Law dis6 - Essay Example It is these decisions that lead to success or failure of the business hence its ability to offset the loan. The organization structure is therefore an important factor to consider when deciding about the loan. A Pre-bureaucratic structure would be best as the business is medium-sized, requires limited specialization and the structures allows for quicker decisions which are imperative in a restaurant business. How realistic and achievable the business plan is, the borrowing history of the partners, the values of the collateral provided by the partners, the ability of the partners to offset the loan in the period provided should the business fail and the ability of the guarantors, if any, to offset the loan should the partners fail to do so. The nature of the business would make a considerable difference. In a franchise, there are less teething problems as the brand name is already established. The business model is already tested as the franchisor is successful. However on the considerations, one must appreciate that the decision making of the entrepreneurs is limited as the franchisor has a significant say in the operation of the business hence their growth may be limited to a certain level. The amount of fees to be paid to the franchisor as royalty as well as what the franchisee is to pay as training and advisory fees. The fees should not be too large as to hinder leave too little money for the daily operations of the business. Another factor to consider is the role in decision making of the franchisor which should not be too large and the duration of time that the franchise is supposed to take place. The creditor ought also to consider the business format- whether trade name franchising or business format franchising The Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD) which should be made available to the franchisee by the franchisor, two weeks before payment of any fees. The document contains

Entry Mode of Asian Pacific Breweries Essay Example for Free

Entry Mode of Asian Pacific Breweries Essay Singapore: Asian Pacific Breweries first started out in Singapore as a Joint-Venture between Heineken International and Fraser and Neave in the year 1931 and is first known as Malayan Breweries Limited. New Zealand: Asian Pacific Breweries made a 50-50 joint-venture with DB Breweries Ltd which was previously known as DB Group Ltd which is one of the two main brewers in New Zealand and also provides contract packaging services. Cambodia: Asian Pacific Breweries formed a joint-venture with Progress Import and Export which formed Cambodia Brewery Ltd in recognizing that there is a strong beer culture in Cambodia with impressive growth prospect. It was also the first foreign investment to be approved by the Cambodia Investment Board. China: Asian Pacific Brewery formed a 50-50 joint venture with its shareholders, Fraser and Neave, Limited and Heineken in China known as Heineken-APB (China). HAPBC also wholly owns sales and distribution arm of Heineken Trading (Shanghai) Co. Ltd and holds 21% interests in Kingway Brewery Holdings Ltd and 49% stake Jiangsu DaFuHao Breweries Co. Ltd. Laos: Asian Pacific Breweries opened a brewery in Laos through a joint venture with the Government of Laos and SBK Consultant Ltd on the 12 March 2008. LAPB also imports and distributes Heineken in Laos as the brewery does not produce Heineken beer. Malaysia: Guinness Anchor Bhd was a result of the merger of Guinness Malaysia Bhd and Malayan Sdn Bhd whose parent company is the current Asian Pacific Brewery. Mongolia: Asian Pacific has also formed a 55-45 joint venture with MCS Holdings LLC on 19 June 2007. The company of the joint venture, MCS-Asia Pacific Brewery LLC is five hectares large and is located in Mongolia’s capital city, Ulaanbaatar. Thailand: Asian Pacific Breweries entered Thailand, where the beer consumption is amongst the highest in Asia to form a joint-venture with Thai Life Insurance Company Limited and Thai Pure Drinks Company Limited. The brewery first started brewing only Heineken beer in 1995 and slowly adding the other famous brands from Asian Pacific Breweries to cater to the different consumers in Thailand. Acquisition Indonesia: Asia Pacific Brewery has acquired its place in the beer industry in Indonesia through PT Multi Bintang Indonesia Tbk (MBI). MBI is a key brewery in Indonesia and is listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. New Caledonia: Asia Pacific Brewery holds a 87. 3% stake with New Caledonia via Grande Brasserie de Nouvelle Caledonie (GBNC). GBNC is a resulted from the merger of 2 companies and now the sole brewery of New Caledonia. Papau New Guinea: Asia Pacific Brewery acquired a stake of South Pacific Brewery Ltd in 1955. SPB is the sole brewery in Papua New Guinea since 1983 and oversees 2 plants. Sri Lanka: In September 2005, Asia Pacific Brewery has acquired a 60% stake in Asia Pacific Brewery (Lanka) Limited. It was done with a partnership with Sri Lankan-based Anandappa family group and associates and MBL Offshore Limited which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Pheonix Beverages Limited, a leading beverage group from Mauritius. Vietnam: Asian Pacific Brewery has a 60% stakes in Vietnam Brewery Ltd which is started is 1993 and equipped with the fastest, biggest and most advance canning line in Vietnam. India: Asia Pacific Brewery also acquired a 76% stake in India’s Aurangabad Breweries in 2006. Wholly owned Vietnam: Asian Pacific not only acquired a brewery in Vietnam, it also has a wholly owned brewery of its own based in Vietnam. Asian Pacific Brewery (Hanoi) is commissioned in October 2003 and it supplies Vietnam of its Tiger Beer, Anchor Beer and Heineken. Asia Pacific has mostly joint ventures in their businesses in other countries. This might because Asia Pacific Brewery has taken into consideration of the improvements of efficiency through the combined efforts and strengths of the other companies. Also, APB will be able to benefit from the local knowledge of the host country as they will be working with people from there to share and gain more knowledge. Having a joint venture business also means lower risks as costs are shared amongst the partners. APB also gained entry into other countries using the acquisition method. This might be because it a less risky for countries that are not yet very stable and also it is quicker to get into the business.

Cytomegalovirus History, Biology and Treatment

Cytomegalovirus History, Biology and Treatment Historical Aspect Human CMV (HCMV) is a very common human DNA virus. Since the beginning of human life; it has co-evolved with its host (McGeoch et al., 1995). Although being a part of humankind, not everybody is infected (Alford et al., 1990). It was first isolated in 1956 by Smith where two strains were isolated from the salivary gland and kidney of two dying infants. Cytomegalic inclusion bodies had been found in both tissues. In 1957, Weller and colleagues isolated three strains of CMV from adenoid tissues of three asymptomatic children after surgical removal. Also in 1970, they isolated three other strains from liver biopsy and urine of three congenitally infected infants with CMV (Ho, 2008). In 1881, Ribbert was the first who observed the characteristic cells in the kidney of a stillborn infant but without interpretation of these observations and that was the first description of histologic features of infection (Naraqi, 1991). The first histopathological evidenve of CMV infection was identified in 1904 by Ribbert in tissues from a congenitally infected infant. Mistakenly the large inclusion-bearing cells observed at autopsy was assumed to be from protozoa. As a result, these cells were called protozoa like cells and many workers thought that they were protozoa. After that, the similiraties between these cells and those infected by Varicella-Zoster virus and Herpes simplex virus raised the suspicion of a viral cause. In 1920, Good pasture hypothesized the viral cause of such inclusions (Ho, 2008). The first name proposed for CMV was salivary gland virus or salivary gland inclusion disease virus. In 1921, Good pasture and Talbot used the word cytomegalia to describe the huge enlargement and alterations of infected cells. Such word was the origin of the term cytomegalovirus initially proposed by Weller and colleagues in 1960 (Weller and Hanshaw, 1962). The role of the virus as an important pathogen with different clinical manifestations was significantly identified during the 1970s and 1980s. The molecular biology, immunology, and antiviral therapeutic agents had been characterized. However, establishment of preventive strategies of CMV infection and determining the role of certain genes in viral pathogenesis still need more efforts (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). Classification Human CMV, designated as HHV5, is a member of the Herpesviridae family of viruses. It is one of the 8 human herpesviruses (HHV) (Schleiss, 2009). The Herpesviridae family is divided into three subfamilies designated ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ², and ÃŽÂ ³. The classification into these subfamilies is based on the features of host range, duration of reproductive cycle, cytopathology and characteristics of latent infection. DNA sequence analysis, guanine and cytosine (G + C) content snd serologic reactivity of gene products are the main criteria for subdivision of each subfamily into genera (Hanley and Bollard, 2014). The ÃŽÂ ± subfamily includes herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV); the ÃŽÂ ² subfamily includes cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the roseolaviruses, human herpes viruses 6 and 7, which are responsible for the clinical syndrome of exanthem subitum (roseola infantum) in young children, and the ÃŽÂ ³ subfamily includes Epstein-Barr vir us and human herpes virus 8. All of these viruses share similarities in virion morphology and genome organization (Schleiss, 2009). Human herpesvirus classification is represented in table ( ) (Ryan and Ray, 2004). Table (1): Humah haerpesvirus (HHV) classificstion Type Synonym Subfamily Primary Target Cell Pathophysiology Site of Latency Means of Spread HHV-1 Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) ÃŽÂ ± (Alpha) Mucoepithelial Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly orofacial), as well as other herpes simplex infections Neuron Close contact (oral or sexually transmitted infection) HHV-2 Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) ÃŽÂ ± Mucoepithelial Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly genital), as well as other herpes simplex infections Neuron Close contact (sexually transmitted disease) HHV-3 Varicella zoster virus (VZV) ÃŽÂ ± Mucoepithelial Chickenpox and shingles Neuron Respiratory and close contact HHV-4 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), lymphocryptovirus ÃŽÂ ³ (Gamma) B cells and epithelial cells Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients, post-transplant lymphoproliferative syndrome (PTLD), nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HIV-associated hairy leucoplakia B cell Close contact, transfusions, tissue transplant, and congenital HHV-5 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) ÃŽÂ ²(Beta) Monocyte, lymphocyte, and epithelial cells Infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome, retinitis, etc. Monocyte, lymphocyte, and? Saliva, urine, breast milk, etc HHV-6A and 6B Roseolavirus, Herpes lymphotropic virus ÃŽÂ ² T cells and ? Sixth disease (roseola infantum or exanthema subitum) T cell and ? Respiratory and close contact HHV-7 Pityriasis Rosea ÃŽÂ ² T cells and ? ? (roseola infantum or exanthema subitum) T cell and ? ? HHV-8 Kaposis sarcoma -associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a type of rhadinovirus ÃŽÂ ³ Lymphocyte, and other cells Kaposisarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, some types of multicentric Castlemans disease B cell Close contact (sexual), saliva? Quoted from (Ryan and Ray , 2004). Biology of Cytomegalovirus Morphology: Cytomegalovirus is an enveloped virus with a double-stranded DNA genome. The three distinct regions of the CMV virus particle include: an icosahedral capsid; the tegument layer; and an outer lipid envelope. The morphology of CMV is demonstrated in the electron microscopy (EM) studies shown in Fig. (). The capsid, which comprises 162 capsomere subunits arranged in an icosahedral symmetry, houses the viral genome, and is classically highly electron-dense when imaged by EM (Schleiss, 2011). In the virus particle, the capsid is surrounded by the tegument, a protein-rich layer containing several of the dominant targets of the T-lymphocyte response to infection, including a 65-kilodalton (kDa) phosphoprotein (pp) referred to as pp65 (Kern etal., 2002). Surrounding the tegument is the envelope layer which contains several virally-encoded glycoproteins (g), including protein complexes designated as the gB complex, the gM/gN complex, and the gH/gL/gO complex. CMV-seropositive individuals mount an immune response characterized by neutralizing antibodies that target these glycoproteins (Bernstein, 2011). In addition to serving as targets of the humoral immune response, these glycoproteins also play a central role in the binding and entry of CMV into cells (Ryckman etal., 2006). Â   Â   As a result of the variability in the thickness of the tegument, the complete virion varies in size from 150 to 200 nm in diameter. The genome is about 64 nm in diameter with a molecular weight of 100 x 106 to 150 x 106. The capsid is 110 nm in diameter (Subhendu et al., 2007). During the process of viral replication, a variety of types of CMV particles are generated. In cell culture, CMV infection leads to the assembly and release of, in addition to infectious virions, non-infectious defective particles termed dense bodies (DB), so designated because of their characteristic highly electron-dense appearance when imaged by EM. Another type of body, designated as a noninfectious enveloped particle (NIEP), is also generated during viral replication as designated in Fig. () (Pepperl etal., 2000). The structure and protein composition of NIEPs are comparable to those of virions, but they lack DNA and are therefore not infectious (Schleiss, 2011). DBs are enveloped spherical structures that lack capsid proteins and DNA (Pepperl etal., 2000). They consist mainly of viral tegument proteins and glycoproteins. In cell culture, the biology of DBs mimics that of infectious virus, since DBs enter cells efficiently and deliver their protein components intracellularly (Me rsseman etal., 2008). In principle, DBs could induce a broad range of humoral and cellular immune responses (Schleiss, 2011). Cytomegalovirus particles exhibit additional levels of complexity. Using CMV gene array technology, a class of viral RNA transcripts, termed virion RNAs, has been identified in infectious virions (Bresnahan and Shenk, 2000). These RNAs, which are packaged during virion assembly, are delivered to the host cell immediately on infection, potentially allowing viral gene products to be expressed in an infected cell before any viral transcription or host immune response occurs. The role of virion

Blockbusters Place in the Current Movie Rental Market Essay -- Busine

Has e-marketing and the use of the internet hurt Blockbuster's dominance in the movie rental business and if it has what will they have to change in their business plan to regain their market shares? This case has studied the influence of new technologies for delivering movie rentals along with downloading movies directly to your television at home without a customer even getting off their couch. It also examines the impact DVD recorders are going to have on Blockbusters main products like DVD players and VCR's. The case talks about the threats these new innovations are going to have on Blockbusters business potential. Along with what Blockbuster has done to compete with their new competitors like Wal-Mart and Netflix. With the internet changing the way most profitable companies do business Blockbuster has to adapt and follow the new trends our generation. While studying this case, our group analyzed what Blockbuster's strengths and weakness are, combined with what opportunities t hey have to excel in the new way consumers watch movies and we established the threats that exist with new technology and competitors. Last our group has thought of some new idea's that could help them thrive in the future. The problem that this case states is, will Blockbuster make the right business plan choices to allow them to compete with the innovation of products and technology of distributing movie rentals. Also is Blockbuster going to be able to adapt and succeed in this new era of renting movies? The SWOT (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat) analysis for Blockbuster is both positive and negative. The major strength that Blockbuster Inc. has is a brand image over the competition. When new movie releases come out on Video o... ...ir own movie channel that allows customers to buy and watch movie directly on their television. From their surveys, they should find out what their customers want and implement their suggestions into their business strategy. They need to train their employees to have the utmost customer satisfaction rating. This will keep customers coming back and hopefully attract new customers into the store. They also need to be able to help and answer customer's questions about movies. They should also have sales such as, buy one movie get one free, running periodically throughout the store. This will draw customers in to shop for the deals. They should also promote new movies available for sale in the store. They should always try to keep as many movies in stock so the movie is always there for the customer. This will keep them happy and coming back to rent more movies.

Main Essay

The Daily Mail quotes, â€Å"Protein drinks ‘are no help for athletes and aren't better than a balanced diet',† with The Independent also reporting that there is â€Å"no benefit from sports drinks†. However, does this affect the Protein sports drinks' market? Clear Barrett writes In an article on The Financial Times saying that Omnipotent. Com, Rupee's leading online sports nutrition retailer is forecast to generating earnings of EOM on annual turnover of MEME in the year 2011 from the sale of sports protein drinks and supplements, favored by bodybuilders and sports enthusiasts.Its sales are expected to reach EMMA this year. (Remuneration 2009) found that â€Å"Globally, the U. S is the largest market for sports nutrition supplements and represents 63% of the value. Mexico Is the second largest market with US $192 million In retail sales, followed closely by the united Kingdom with US SSL 72 million. Japan has a market size of US $87 million, while China and Ind ia have negligible sports nutrition retail sales. However, Authenticity and efficacy remain big challenges for the sports nutrition market. Remuneration, 2008) stated that â€Å"the global market for ports nutrition supplements was valued at US $4. 2 billion. The market experienced strong growth until 2008, then growth gradually declined due to a lack of consumer confidence In spending on discretionary products, as a result of the global recession. † Furthermore, recent research have Indicated that protein supplements are bad for your health and can be life threatening. The British Dietetic Association (BAD) says â€Å"high levels of additional protein can cause side-effects, which can include nausea as well as kidney and liver damage. The BAD argues there is now evidence to show excess levels of additional protein taken over a long time can cause health problems. Jane Griffin speaking for the BAD concluded, â€Å"People who have these high protein diets are now running Int o problems with their kidneys because of the amount of protein they must get rid of. † The information provided indicates that there was a decrease in demand in the market for sports protein drinks and can be conveyed in a supply and demand diagram. The first figure (1) is a rundown where value is determined by the market.The supply curve of a certain product as well as the demand curve of the same product is shown on the same axes. David King quotes â€Å"This Is where there Is no excess demand or excess supply, so that the quantity To summaries; â€Å"A demand curve shows the quantity that would be demanded at each price or wage, and a supply curve shows the quantity that would be supplied eat each price or wage. The price or wage will settle at its equilibrium level, which is the level at which the two curves intersect. † Figure (2) shows a shift in demand (to the left) for sports protein drinks.Because of the recession, globally protein drinks will be set at a pric e too high, even though the price does not change. Therefore, protein nutrition drinks will become less attractive for consumers, consequently forcing consumers to purchase less as the price is too high. A shift in the demand curve implies that the original demand curve has changed, meaning that the quantity demanded is affected by a factor other than price, in this case the global recession and awareness that protein drinks actually affect health and may be life threatening.To conclude, protein sports drink manufacturers would be forced to supply less for the same price. King quotes, â€Å"if demand decreases, buyers will demand a smaller annuity at each possible price. So the demand curve shifts left, and the equilibrium price or wage, quantity and expenditure all fall. † Price* Quantity* Price Quantity However, historically, the users of protein nutrition products have been limited to bodybuilders and athletes, but this has now expanded to include recreational users and li festyle users (Denominator 2006).Research in 2012 suggest that more teenagers are using muscle enhancing products, such as protein supplements, according to a study published in Pediatrics, a Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A CNN article by (Trash Henry) quotes, â€Å"Researchers found the number of teens reporting muscle enhancing behavior to be substantially higher than in previous years. Boys were more likely to report these behaviors, which included supplement use and consumption of protein shakes†, while Dry.Maria Ginsberg, the lead study author said â€Å"These behaviors are a little more common among young Dry. Nicholas Fletcher, an assistant professor of orthopedic declares that, â€Å"As their idols have increased in size they are continually pushed to get stronger, bigger and faster†¦ There is that trickle-down effect. From this, we can assume that the market for Protein sports drinks is indeed rising, due to teenagers working towards increasin g their body mass and overall strength and striving to follow in the footsteps of their inspirational leaders.A BBC article done by Newsiest reporter (Kelsey) stated that Remuneration, whom researchers the market size of products, estimates that the sport supplement industry grew 15% last year. It estimated that one in five people who go to the gym more than twice a week use supplements that can come in the form of powders and bars. The information provided can assume that there is a cent increase in demand for sports protein drinks. Figure (3) below indicates that the quantity demanded for protein sports drink increased even though the price remained the same.A shift to the right for the demand curve depicts the quantity of demand for protein drinks rising. Again, a shift in the demand curve indicates that the original demand relationship has changed; meaning that quantity demand for protein sports drink is affected by something other than price. In this instance, demand for protei n was increased because of protein nutrition products expanding ND targeted not only athletes and bodybuilders, but also children and regular gym attendees. David King quotes, â€Å"If demand increases, buyers will demand a higher quantity at each possible price.So the demand curve shifts right, and the equilibrium price or wage, quantity and expenditure all rise. † To conclude, protein drinks will always be in demand as these products are used not only for sports use, but also widely used between regular gym attendees and children. However, the recent VAT increase implemented on sports nutrition drinks which has taken effect on the 1st October 2012 may cause the demand to slightly crease. References: King, D. (2012) Economics. POP Oxford Remuneration International. Lully 2009).

Assessing Young Learners’ Speaking Ability in the Fifth Grade of Three Elementary Schools in Padang Essay

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Problem Communicative view development in English learning makes the focus on English teaching changed. What once became structurally focused, it now moves toward meaningful language-focused. Students are not asked to memorize structure-based dialogues without knowing the meaning anymore. There are no more grammatically controlled sentences for students’ meaningless repetition. Dialogues, if used, center around communicative functions and are not normally memorized (Richards & Rodgers, 1986). That makes the teaching of speaking becomes the core part of English teaching. Just like the adults, young learners today are also taught speaking meaningfully and communicatively. However, young learners have distinctive characteristics compared with adult learners. One of them is children are still developing cognitively, linguistically, socially, emotionally, and physically (Teaching Knowledge Test Young Learners: Handbook for Teachers, 2010). In other words, in teaching speaking to them, teachers need to consider children’s development of skills in the native language first. Young learners also enjoy rhythmic and repetitive language more than adults do. They are more likely to play with language than adults are, and they can be more effectively engaged through stories and games (Peck, 2009). The different techniques and approaches in teaching speaking to young learners lead to different ways in the speaking assessment. This is the problem faced by Indonesian young learners’ teachers nowadays. Most teachers do not know how they should assess their young learners’ speaking ability; some finally choose to skip the speaking assessment and focus on pencil-paper-tests. Thus, this research is conducted to discover and reveal ways of assessing young learners’ speaking ability. B. Identification of the Problem Based on the background above, the speaking assessment techniques used for young learners should be different from the adult. It should be suited with their cognitive, linguistic, social, emotional, and physical development. As we looked upon Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom Practices by Brown (2010) and integrated it with curriculum standard in Indonesia, KTSP 2006, young learners will be better to be assessed in imitative and intensive speaking categories, such as imitating teachers’ saying, directed response tasks, read-aloud tasks, and dialogue completion tasks. Alternative assessments such as interviews and conferences can also be applied for them. C. Limitation of the Problem In this research, the problem will be focused on the speaking assessment techniques in the fifth grade of three selected elementary schools in Padang. D. Formulation of the Problem * What kind of speaking assessment technique used by elementary school English teachers? * Why do they use such techniques? E. Purpose of the Research The purpose of this research is to discover and reveal the technique used by English teachers to assess elementary school students’ speaking ability. F. Significance of the Research Theoretically, this research is aimed to give a description of how speaking assessment for young learners done in Indonesia. Practically, some techniques used by English teachers provided here can be a source of alternative speaking assessment. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. The Nature of Assessment There has been various explanation of what assessment is. Brindley (as stated in Linse, 2005) refers assessment as â€Å"collecting information and making judgments on a learner’s knowledge†. It means that in assessing students, we need to find out what students know about the subject being taught and how far that understanding has reached the learning indicator. In the same line with Brindley but with an addition, Brown (2010) states assessment as â€Å"an ongoing process of collecting information about a given object of interest according to procedures that are systematic and substantively grounded.† In his statement above, Brown implies that the process of collecting and judging students’ understanding is not done orderly in one single time; it is done continuously. Harris and McCann (1994) also give an essential note that in doing assessment teachers have to measure the performance of their students and the progress they make, as well as diagnose the problems they have and provide useful feedback. In other words, collecting and judging students’ intelligence is not enough; finding out what becomes students’ problem and giving advice to them to overcome the problems is also important to create a more successful learning process. Based on the theories above, it can be seen that assessment involves collecting information about students’ knowledge and judging their understanding in order to diagnose the learning problems they have so that students can get useful feedback to be more-successful learners. B. The Nature of Speaking As stated in the previous chapter, today’s English teaching focuses more on communicative purpose of language learning than in the past. It leads to the more important consideration of speaking skills than in previous time. Just like assessment, there is also various definition of speaking. One of them is from Lingua Links (1998) that defines speaking as productive skill in the oral mode that involves more than just pronouncing words. Referring to today’s communicative view, of course speaking cannot be thought as just pronouncing words; it needs to be meaningful, and communicative. Furthermore, Noonan (2003) states that, if pronunciation included, speaking involves three areas: mechanics (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary), functions (transaction and interaction), and social cultural norms and rules (turn-taking, rate of speech, etc). All of them are connected to each other and prove that speaking is not only about what is uttered, but also the meaning and social purpose. C. The Nature of Young Learners Young learner is a child who is in their first six year of formal education, from age 6 to 12 (Teaching Knowledge Test Young Learners: Handbook for Teachers, 2010). Many experts argue that it is beneficial to teach the children English since young age. TKT Young Learners (2010) notes one of the advantages that those children will have positive self-esteem toward English and it will help them to learn English more once they are adult. That is why teaching English to young learners considered important today. However, young learners have characteristics that make them different from the adults (Teaching Knowledge Test Young Learners: Handbook for Teachers, 2010). First, they are still morally, cognitively, psychologically developed. Based on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, children in age 6-12 years old are still in concrete operational thought stage, they already have the ability to do logical reasoning and understand reversibility with the help of concrete objects (Santrock, 1998). It means that explaining theory will not do for them, we need to make them move, do games, sing, etc. Second, young learners often have no obvious reason for learning English. Unlike adults who want to do it because of the career-related reasons or teenagers that do it to pass an exam, young learners do not have concrete reason why they must learn English. However, it does not mean they are not motivated to learn English; their goodwill, energy, and curiosity to learning overcome that. Third, they may not always have well-developed literacy skills to support their learning of English. Many children in the age of 6-12 years old are just getting to know their first language. It means that as a teacher we need to not have too-high expectation and do more. Fourth, young learners often learn slowly and forget quickly. It is related to the first characteristic that young learners are still developed morally, socially, and cognitively. Their still-ongoing developments in those basic things make them forget easily and learn slowly. This is why songs, agmes, and chants do best for them. D. Principles of Assessing Young Learners According to METU Open Course Ware (2006), principles of assessing children’s language learning are: 1. Assessment should be seen from a learning-centered perspective. It means that we cannot get a true assessment by testing kids what they can do alone. It has been stated by many experts that the goal of learning English is to be able to communicate meaningfully in English. Testing students, let alone young children, as a tool to get true assessment will not congruent with the real goal of English learning and it will just be wasting time. 2. Assessment should support learning and teaching. This is something that is not also becomes a problem with young learners, but also with the adult. Before performance-based assessment is introduced, teachers chose paper-and-pencil tests as their source of assessing (Puppin, 2006). It becomes a problematic then since students do not see the connection between the learning and the test they are doing, ; they see them as two different incongruent things. If the assessment done is congruent with the learning they did, children will feel that what they have learned is useful. 3. Children and parents should understand assessment issues. Their understanding will make the assessment process more meaningful since they can participate and supports greatly on behave of children’s English development. On the other hand, if they do not understand why the teacher does this and that, there will be no good communication between these three subjects to help children’s development. E. Techniques of Speaking Assessment Brown (2010) states some techniques of speaking assessment based on students’ language development level: Imitative Speaking This kind of assessment is intended to see whether students can imitate saying in English correctly. Eventhough it focuses on the accuracy of repeating words, it does not mean that it cannot be communicative and meaningful. Besides, in recent years many experts have discovered that an overemphasis on fluency can sometimes lead to the decline of accuracy in speech. Intensive Speaking There are four tasks in this kind of assessing: directed response task, oral questionnaire, and picture-cued task. In oral questionnaires, students are first given time to read the dialogue to get its main idea and to think about the appropriate lines to fill in. Then, as the tape, teacher produces one part orally; the students respond. In directed response task, students elicit a particular grammatical form of a transformation of a sentence. Such tasks are clearly mechanical and not communicative, but they do require minimal processing of meaning in order to produce the correct grammatical output. Picture-cued task requires a description from the students. Pictures may be very simple, designed to elicit a word or a phrase, or composed of a series that tells a story or incident. This task is meaningful since sometime a little sense of humor is injected. Responsive Speaking Assessment of responsive tasks involves brief interactions with an interlocutor, differing from intensive tasks in increased creativity given to the student and from interactive tasks by somewhat limited length of utterances. The kinds of this assessment are question and answer, giving instructions and directions, and paraphrasing. Questions and answers involve oral interaction with teacher.

All the World by William Shakespeare Essay

William Shakespeare has been considered the greatest poet of all times. Only school educated, this great poet acquired fame because he had an extraordinary power of observation which he tempered with his brilliant imagination that gave a creative boost to his art. He was also gifted with unique taste of music which helped him to compose beautiful songs and sonnets. His imagination and observation along with a keen ear towards tone and rhythm rendered a sonorous and lyrical quality to his verses- something which was missing in other poets of his times. Shakespeare wrote several comedies, tragedies and poems depicting his profound wisdom and psychological understanding of human nature. The poem ‘All World’s a Stage’ is typical example of Shakespearean genius as he metaphorically compares the world to a stage where every human makes an entry like a stage actor, plays different roles and, when time declares, leaves the stage eventually. The poem is beautiful example of his vision of life. The first stage of life is infancy. The poet here describes a baby crying and throwing out in the mother’s arm calling for attention. In the second stage of life, the baby is now a school-going child who is unhappy and complaining as is unwilling to go to school but is forced to do so. The third stage in life is that of a lover. Young man in this age is full of deep sighs missing his beloved. He is preoccupied with her thoughts so much so that he sits writing long poems in praise of her beauty. The fourth stage in his life is that of a sincere and ambitious career-oriented professional. A this age he is competitive, jealous for opportunities, desires recognition even if it involves risk or great danger. Next comes the middle-aged man, well-fed, highly experienced and full of wisdom. He has great sayings ready for every occasion and a remedy for every problem. The sixth stage is that of a retired old man. He is thin and dressed comfortably, wearing specs and a small purse with him. He is wearing a hose of his youthful times which he has saved till now which helps him in walking. He is grouchy, complaining like a child carrying a pipe in mouth The last stage of life is when man has grown, weak, feeble and lacks strength and vitality. His life is at an end and he has nothing to look forward to. All he has before him is a memory of good old days. He sits reminiscing those times without teeth, eye-sight, taste and everything (hopes, desires, aspirations, etc), patiently waiting for his death.

A 3-Year Marketing Plan for a new smart phone Coursework

A 3-Year Marketing Plan for a new smart phone - Coursework Example Matching international standards would not be easy and the company would need a massive investment (shown in detail in the Financials heading) and the capital will mostly be used in marketing activities and recruiting trained professionals. In addition to that, Vertigo would be operating on a low margin as we plan to keep prices competitive in order to attract more customers. This would limit the revenue earning capacity of Vertigo however this will be refuted by overall increase in sales as a greater market will be attracted towards a low priced high quality product. Because of the growing market, Vertigo is projected to generate a steady rising revenue increasing Contribution Margin to Sales. On 7th May, 2009, a long-awaited recommendation on the mobile termination rates to reduce termination charges was adapted by EU by the end of 2012. (berr.gov.uk). On 1st April, 2010, a statement with a further consultation was issued to the mobile number porting process in which the porting time took one day (berr.gov.uk). The standard Value Added Tax rate is 17.5%, however, it will be increased to 20% in January 2011 (hmrc.gov.uk). The call tariffs indicate that calls may be charged by any residential or business package selected as the Charge Costing Package (telecom-tarriffs.co.uk). This implies that the market for mobile phone users is likely to be damaged as the call rates may rise because of the increases in tariffs mentioned above. Apart from that, the mobile operator companies are likely to introduce new packages to attract more consumers. This would directly have an impact on Vertigo as the demand for cell phones would rise pertaining to offers and packages introduced by Op erators (Gruber, 2005). UKs economy grew to 0.4% in the first quarter, 1.2% in the second quarter and 0.8% in the third quarter of the year 2010 and inflation stands at approximately 4% (statistics.gov.uk). The average employment income is  £16761 (worldsalaries.org/uk.shtml). The exchange

What you think Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What you think - Essay Example Throughout the course, I found philosophy to be life changing and a valuable discipline with immense satisfaction. Philosophy helped broaden my world. It forced me to have a different analysis of the world. Prior to studying philosophy, the world appeared straightforward, bland, and dogmatism came cheaply. However, philosophy opened up the complexities of the world, providing new vistas. Philosophy has helped trained my mind through intellectual exercise. It has achieved this through stretching and pushing the mind to the limit by giving exercise that require an individual to have a deeper thinking and insight. Philosophy has provided grounds for continuously challenging me. It does this by its unrelenting quest for clarity. These challenges have helped me evaluate and synthesize my thoughts. I find these challenges invigorating and I expect them to last a lifetime. Philosophy has helped me understand the relative necessity of ideas. It has trained me to dig deeper into concepts, pro viding an option of whether to pursue the idea or not. It has provided enormous insights and idea to argue about, labor over and spend time (Pardi, 2011). At the beginning, I thought of philosophy as an outdated and obscure discipline with little relevance to humanity. However, the few months I have spent studying philosophy, I have realized that philosophy covers a central part of humanity. All the thoughts that have led to the advancement of the world have a philosophical basis. In addition, a day cannot end without having to deal with a philosophical aspect. Philosophy has helped me broaden my world, and helps me put things into

The Regan Revolution Through President Obama Research Paper

The Regan Revolution Through President Obama - Research Paper Example He also supported anti-Communism policies and strengthened America’s military in response to USSR arms race. The Reagan revolution through President Obama Introduction Another turning points during this period is the 9/11 terrorism attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The terrorism attacks changed the attitudes of US citizens towards air travel. The US enacted the PATRIOT Act that granted counter terrorism agencies the powers to wire trap and apprehend suspected terrorists. The government also enhanced domestic in the significant installations such as airports, roads and ports through creation of homeland security agency. Another 9/11 turning point was invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan since America considered the two countries as a threat to global peace. The US wanted to topple Saddam Hussein regime and end Taliban menace in Afghanistan. The US also changed its foreign policy on nations that were harboring terrorists (Golway, 2008). The first significant turnin g point came in March 1983 when Reagan introduced strategic defense initiatives. The defense projects aimed at manufacturing space-based defense systems that would protect the US from attack by ballistic missiles. This initiative increased the military capability of America and dominance in geo-politics. Some important defense technologies such as space surveillance systems, tracking devices, and anti-missile systems can be traced back to this project. Another significant turning point was the Iran-Contra scandal of 1986 that undermined the international community faith on Reagan administration. Reagan administration was accused of supplying weapons to Iran in exchange of release of hostages that had been held in Lebanon by the terrorists loyal to Iran authorities. The arms were later sold and proceeds went to contras. The US Congress had banned the sale of weapons to Iran. After, Nicaraguan sued the US at the International Court of Justice. The court held that the US had contravene d the international law with Reagan being criticized for ignoring the existence of the political scandal (Golway, 2008). The AIDS epidemic shook the confidence of Americans in the 1980s. The AIDS epidemic was recognized by doctors in early 1980s and captured the attention of the media, special interest groups and the public (Brier, 2009). The epidemic shook the confidence of Americas since it was first associated with gay men and mostly white Americans. Surprisingly, all the people diagnosed with AIDS were gay and suffered from other complications such Pneumonia. Some of the homosexual men who had been diagnosed with AIDS died within a period of 2 years. By 1981, the epidemic had acquired several names such gay related immune deficiency, gay compromise syndrome and gay cancer (Brier, 2009). In the 1980s, AIDS was associated with discrimination and stigma and gay men stopped going out of their houses. Initially, people did not know how AIDS was transmitted since scientists had no evi dence that the epidemic could be transmitted through contaminated blood transfusion. AIDS started being common among homosexuals, drug abuse addicts, Haitians and Haemophiliacs. Haitians also protested against being labeled as a risk group. With more than 3,000 confirmed cases by the end of 1983, there was growing pressure on the government to develop a national AIDS policy and also develop medication (Brier, 2009). In 1985, the government granted five pharmaceutical companies the opportunity to

Effective written communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Effective written communication - Essay Example Cultural beliefs and perceptions determine the way in which an audience interprets information. Therefore, understanding the audience cultural background makes it possible for a public speaker to craft the message within the audience’s cultural context. Understanding oneself marks the beginning of an effective rapport between a communicator and audience. For instance, a public speaker can only joke to the extent in which he or she is funny. Listening to the audience enables the speaker to know when to pause, repeat, or simply â€Å"allow a light moment to be expressed† (Ellis 124). Self-awareness ensures that the speaker remains in control of the audience at all times. For instance, an audience may laugh at a pronunciation error. However, the public speaker may take quick control and pass it on as a bluff. On the same note, self-awareness enables a public speaker to remain honest to the audience especially when questions are asked. By assessing personal knowledge on the subject matter, a public speaker may decide to or not to answer questions after a presentation. Providing false information may actually raise more difficult questions than anticipated. Public speaking may involve speaking to an audience with unique characteristics. For instance, a public speaker addressing an investment group needs to understand the investment context of the audience. Validating the audience’s beliefs or system of thinking strengthens the bond with the audience. For instance, the speaker might keep echoing ‘return on investment’ because that is what investors believe in. This way the audience will feel the speaker validated their heartfelt sentiments. Another important reason for audience validation is that it puts the speaker as knowledgeable in the subject matter irrespective of whether the speaker has a strong background on the subject or not. Prowess in public speaking and leadership is a continuous process of constant growth and development. One